Can Banning car in Indian cities solve Air and Noise Pollution and Traffic Congestion

 

Introduction:

Indian cities are facing a multitude of urban challenges, including traffic congestion, air pollution, overcrowding, and wasted time. Restricting cars in these cities has emerged as a potential solution, drawing inspiration from successful implementations in developed countries. By examining the impacts of car restrictions and implementing appropriate measures, Indian cities can transform into more sustainable and livable environments.

Air Pollution and Vehicular Emissions:

Vehicular emissions are a significant contributor to air pollution in Indian cities. In fact, vehicles alone account for a staggering 51% of Delhi's air pollution (source: System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research - SAFAR). While promoting electric vehicles is often suggested as a solution, it is important to note that they only address a fraction of the problem. Other sources, such as tire dust and road abrasion, also contribute significantly to overall air pollution levels.

Noise Pollution:

Indian cities, along with other South Asian countries, experience some of the highest levels of noise pollution globally. Motor vehicles, especially cars, are the primary sources of noise pollution in urban areas due to excessive honking and engine noise. Reducing the number of cars on the roads can significantly mitigate noise pollution and create a more peaceful urban environment.

Traffic Congestion:

Cars occupy a disproportionate amount of road space, leading to severe traffic congestion. Comparing the space required for different modes of transportation, it becomes evident that cars consume a significant portion of the available road infrastructure. Encouraging the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking can alleviate traffic congestion, improve traffic flow, and free up space for other purposes, such as creating pedestrian-friendly areas and green spaces.

Overcrowding and Space Utilization:

Private cars are vastly underutilized assets, with an average usage time of only 5-6% and remaining parked for 95% of the time (source: National Association of City Transportation Officials - NACTO). Increasing car ownership rates would exacerbate issues of overcrowding and strain urban infrastructure further. Promoting alternative modes of transportation, such as bicycles and motorcycles, can optimize the utilization of urban space and reduce the overall space required for transportation, thereby easing the burden on cities.

Flooding and Road Accidents:

Inadequate drainage systems, combined with reduced permeable surfaces due to extensive road networks, contribute to urban flooding during monsoons. Additionally, road accidents pose a significant threat to public safety, with more deaths occurring in accidents than homicides (source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India). Private cars play a substantial role in both flooding and accidents, necessitating measures to reduce their presence and prioritize sustainable modes of transportation.

Climate Change:

Transportation, particularly passenger cars, is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. Reducing car usage is crucial to effectively address this global challenge. Shifting to alternative modes of transportation with lower emissions, such as electric vehicles, bicycles, and public transport, can help mitigate the environmental impact of transportation and promote a sustainable future for Indian cities.

Conclusion and Steps Forward:

Addressing urban challenges requires a gradual and targeted approach. Implementing car-free zones in densely populated areas, restricting car access on selected roads, and prioritizing pedestrians and cyclists by redesigning roads are effective measures that have yielded positive outcomes in countries like Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, and others. By embracing alternative transportation methods and reducing dependency on private cars, Indian cities can alleviate traffic congestion, improve air and noise quality, optimize space utilization, reduce accidents, combat climate change, and create more livable urban environments for their residents.

Plastic: How We are Turning the World into Plastic

 

 

 

      India has blanket banned the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of identified single-use plastic items, which have low utility and high littering potential, all across the country from July 1, 2022. But why?

     When the gods granted king Midas one wish, he wished that everything he touched would turn to gold. Midas was delighted. Trees, rocks, buildings all gold. But soon he found in horror that his food turned into gold as well. When he hugged his daughter to soothe his pain, he realized his mistake too late. The richest man in existence was starving, heartbroken and alone. Humanity got a similar wish granted when we learned how to turn brown stinky goo into magic - plastic. Cheap, sterile and convenient it changed our lives, but this wonder of technology got a little out of hand. Plastic has saturated our environment. It has invaded the animals we eat and now it's finding its way into our bodies.

What is plastic?

     For most of our history humans used stuff we found in nature to build the things we needed. But the invention of plastic roughly 100 years ago completely changed our world. Plastic is made from polymers - long repeating chains of molecule groups. In nature, polymers exist everywhere : the walls of cells, silk, hair, insect carapaces, DNA. But it's also possible to create them. By breaking down crude oil into its components and Rearranging them, we can form new synthetic polymers. Synthetic polymers have extraordinary traits. They are lightweight, durable and can be molded into almost any shape. Not requiring time-consuming manual work, plastic can be easily mass-produced and its raw materials are available in vast amounts and incredibly cheaply, and so the golden era of plastics began. Bakelite was used for mechanical parts, PVC for plumbing electric gears and cases, Acrylic is a shatter resistant alternative to glass and Nylon for stockings and war equipment. Today almost everything is at least partly made from plastic. Our clothes, phones, computers, furniture, appliances, houses and cars. Plastic has long ceased to be a revolutionary material instead it became trash. Coffee cups, plastic bags, or stuff to wrap a banana. We don't think about this fact a lot. Plastic just appears and goes away,  unfortunately, it doesn't.
     Since synthetic polymers are so durable, plastic takes between 500 and 1,000 years to break down. But somehow we collectively decided to use this super tough material for things meant to be thrown away. 40% of plastics are used for packaging. In the United States, packaging makes up 1/3 of all the waste that is generated annually. Since its invention, we have produced about 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic. 335 million tons in 2016 alone. More than 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic have become waste since 1907. Piled up in one place, that makes a cube with a side length of 1.9 kilometers. So what did we do with all this waste? 9% was recycled, 12% burnt. But 79% of it is sticking around still. A lot ends up in the ocean, around 8 million tons a year. That's so much plastic that it will outweigh all the fish in the ocean by 2050. Because it's everywhere, marine animals keep getting trapped in plastic and swallowing it. In 2015 already 90% of seabirds had eaten plastic. Many animals starve with stomachs full of indigestible trash. In 2018 a dead sperm whale washed up in Spain. He had eaten 32 kilos of plastic bags, nets and a drum. While this is tragic and makes for great magazine covers, there's an even more widespread, invisible form of plastic.

     Microplastics! Microplastics are pieces smaller than 5 millimeters, some of them are used in cosmetics or  toothpaste, but most result from floating waste that is constantly exposed to UV radiation and crumbles into smaller and smaller pieces 51 trillion such particles float in the ocean, where they are even more easily swallowed by all kinds of marine life. This has raised concerns among scientists, especially about health risks from the chemicals that are added to plastic. BPA for example makes plastic bottles transparent but there's also evidence that it interferes with our hormonal system. DEHP makes plastics more flexible,but may cause cancer. It would be pretty bad if micro plastics are toxic, because they travel up the food chain. Zooplankton eat micro plastic. Small fish eat zooplankton. So do oysters, crabs and predatory fish and they all land on our plate. Micro plastics have been found in honey, in sea salt, in beer, in tap water and in the household dust around us. 8 out of 10 babies and nearly all adults have measurable amounts of phthalates, a common plastic additive in their bodies. And 93% of people have BPA in their urine.

     There is little science about this so far and right now it's inconclusive. We need a lot more research before panic is justified. But it is safe to say that a lot of stuff happened that we didn't plan for. And we have lost control over plastic to a certain extent which is kind of scary. But just to make sure we should simply ban plastics, right?

Unfortunately, it's a bit more complicated than that. Plastic pollution is not the only environmental challenge we face. Some of the substitutes we'd use for plastic have a higher environmental impact in other ways. For example : according to a recent study by the Danish government, making a single-use plastic bag requires so little energy and produces far lower carbon dioxide emissions compared to a reusable cotton bag, that you need to use your cotton bag 7 thousand 100 times before it would have a lower impact on the environment than the plastic bag. We're left with a complex process of trade-offs. Everything has an impact somehow, and it's hard to find the right balance between them. Plastic also helps solve problems that we don't have very good answers for at the moment.

     Globally, one-third of all food that's produced is never eaten and ends up rotting away on landfills where it produces methane. And the best way of preventing food from spoiling and avoiding unnecessary waste is still plastic packaging. It's also important to note where the vast majority of the world's plastic pollution is coming from right now. 90% of all plastic waste entering the ocean through rivers comes from just ten rivers in Asia and Africa. The Yangtze in China alone flushes 1.5 million tons of plastic into the ocean each year. Countries like China, India, Algeria or Indonesia industrialized at an impressive pace in the last few decades, transforming the lives of billions of people. This development was so fast that the garbage disposal infrastructure couldn't keep up with collecting and recycling all the new waste this brought. If politicians in Europe and the US want to address this issue, investing in infrastructure in developing countries is just as important as fighting plastic pollution at home with campaigns and redesigning products to minimize unnecessary plastic production. The bottom line is, as long as we don't address plastic pollution from a global perspective, we will not solve it. Plastic pollution is a complicated problem. We found a magic material and we had a really good time with it, but we need to be careful or just like Midas, we'll end up in a world that we didn't wish for.

Your individual daily actions still have a huge impact. What you do matters! Refuse disposable plastics. Convince your friends and family to do the same. Pressure companies and politicians to take the necessary steps to keep our oceans clean and our food safe. Together we can beat plastic pollution!

The Death Of Drone of our Life

 

The Death Of Bees---Parasites, Poison and Humans

Human society is extremely complex and fragile, built upon various pillars. One of them is the honey bee. One out of three meals eaten by humans is made possible by honey bees. They are so important that if all the honey bees were to die out, thousands of plants would follow, which could lead to millions of people starving in the following years. On top of that, honey bees have a huge economic impact. The dollar value of plants pollinated by them each year is around $265 billion. Food we take for granted would just stop existing without them, or there would be a massive decrease in productivity. Food including apples, onions, pumpkins, and also plants used for feeding livestock and thus extremely important for our milk and meat. Einstein is often quoted as having said, “If honey bees die out, humans will follow a few years later.” Actually, he probably didn’t say that, but there might be some truth in the statement. It’s unsettling, but honey bees have started to disappear.

 

     Millions of hives have died in the last few years. Beekeepers all over the world have seen an annual loss of 30–90% of their colonies. In the US alone, bees are steadily declining. From 5 million hives in 1988 to 2.5 million today. Since 2006, a phenomenon called “colony collapse disorder” has affected honey bees in many countries. And we’re not entirely sure what’s causing it. All we know is that it’s pretty serious. Over the last few decades bees have seen an invasion of very dangerous foes. Parasites straight out of a horror movie, like Acarapis woodi, microscopic mites that infect the tracheae (that’s the breathing tubes) of bees. Here, they lay their eggs and feed from the fluids of their victims, weakening them considerably and spending their whole life inside the bees. Or Varroa destructor, a fitting name because they can only reproduce in honey bee hives and are one of the bees’ greatest enemies. The female mite enters a honey bee brood cell and lays eggs on the bee larva before it’s about to pupate and before the hive bees cover the cell with a wax capping. The eggs hatch and the young mites and their mother feed on the developing bee in the safety of the capped cell. The bee is not normally killed at this stage, just weakened, so it still has enough strength to chew its way through the wax capping and release itself from the cell. As it does, it releases the mother mite and her new offspring from the cell, and these are free to spread across the hive, starting the process over again in a cycle of about 10 days. Their numbers grow exponentially, and after a few months, this can lead to the collapse of the entire bee hive.Once outside of the cell, adult mites also suck the bodily fluids of bees and weaken them considerably. To make things worse, they also transmit viruses that harm the bees even more and can lead to birth defects like useless wings. But there are other threats too, such as viruses and fungi.

    

     Under normal circumstances, these phenomena should be manageable and are not enough to explain the horrendous amount of dying going on in bees. Over recent years new insecticides have been introduced that are deadly to bees. Neonicotinoids, a chemical family similar to nicotine, was approved in the early 1990s as an alternative to chemicals like DDT. They attack insects by harming their nervous systems. Today, they are the most widely used insecticides in the world. Globally, they saw sales of €1.5 billion in 2008, representing 24% of the global market for insecticides. In 2013, neonicotinoids were used in the US on about 95% of corn and canola crops, and also on the vast majority of fruit and vegetables,like apples, cherries, peaches, oranges, berries, leafy greens, tomatoes, potatoes, cereal grains, rice, nuts, grapes, and many more. Bees come into contact with the toxin while collecting pollen or via contaminated water, often bringing material into the hive, where it can accumulate and slowly kill the whole colony. The toxins harm bees in a variety of horrible ways. In high enough doses, it quickly leads to convulsions, paralysis, and death. But even in small doses, it can be fatal. It may lead to bees forgetting how to navigate the world, so bees fly into the wild, get lost, and die alone, separated from their hives. If this happens often enough, a hive can lose its ability to sustain itself. We know that neonicotinoids are harmful to bees and that we urgently need an alternative to it, but there are billions of dollars to be made in delaying this. Studies sponsored by the chemical industry magically appear to prove a much lower toxicity to bees, compared to those produced by independent scientists. There are even more factors contributing to the demise of bees, like too much genetic uniformity, crop monocultures, poor nutrition due to overcrowding, stress because of human activities, and other pesticides.

 

     Each of those factors on its own is a major problem for bees, but together, they probably account For colony collapse disorder. With parasites upping their game in recent decades, the honey bees are now fighting for survival. It would be a catastrophe if they lost this fight. This is a conundrum we have to solve if we want to continue living with a relative abundance and diversity of food. Humanity is deeply interconnected with the Earth and the other lifeforms on it, even if we pretend that we’re not. We have to take better care of our surroundings, if not to preserve the beauty of nature, then at least to ensure our own survival.

Beautiful Things Make us Happy: Beautifully Explained 😀

      A lot of things can be beautiful. Landscapes, faces, fine art, or epic architecture; stars in the sky. Or simply the reflection of the sun on an empty bottle. Beauty is nothing tangible, it only exists in our heads as a pleasant feeling. If we have to define it, we perceive something as beautiful if its color, shape, form, or proportion somehow are appealing or delightful to us. Beauty is a very human experience that's been with us for millions of years. Even our first tools were trimmed to a symmetrical shape. Researchers have tried to find practical reasons why our ancestors invested the time to make their tools look nice, but couldn't really identify any. It seems that early humans shaped their tools into teardrops, simply because they liked them better that way. Throughout our history, the definition of beauty has changed a lot. Ideals have shifted or turned into their opposites. But beyond individual and contemporary tastes some things have never really gone out of fashion. The golden ratio, symmetry, or fractal patterns can be found in the art and architecture of cultures from our beginnings, to today.

     Humans seem to be in mysterious, inherent agreement about the beauty of certain things. The patterns that keep coming up are all rooted in nature. They became part of our biology because they helped our ancestors survive. Fractal patterns for example, occur all over nature. In snail shells, flower heads; waves or clouds. Identifying and assessing these things and phenomena correctly used to be vital. Do those clouds mean rain will come soon? Are these waters safe to swim through? Can I eat this? Another pervasive thing is symmetry. In nature it means everything is as it should be, stems and trees and leaves and blossoms all grow symmetrically. A deer with impressive antlers is probably a source of nutritious meat. A deformed wheat hair may not be safe to eat. A symmetrical face is more likely to belong to a healthy and fertile mating partner. Because symmetry is so common in fauna and flora, it's extremely familiar to our brain. It helped our ancestors evaluate their environment more easily, and react quickly to danger. Things that helped us survive, activate the reward center in our brain, recognising signals of safety and nutrition, triggered nice feelings in us.

     So our sense of beauty probably evolved from pattern recognition, but it goes way beyond that now. Humans seem to have evolved an instinct for beauty that is deeply hardwired into us. It remain even after other processes in our brain stop working. Alzheimer's patients were asked to rank the beauty of several paintings. Then the experiment was repeated two weeks later. The patients have long since forgotten the paintings, but still ranked the beauty of the paintings in the same order. One could argue that this doesn't say much. So what if people stick to their personal preferences? But other research has shown that we have a sort of lowest common denominator when it comes to beauty. In different experiments, people were asked to distinguish real from fake abstract paintings. Some were originals by Mondrian and Pollock that were painted based on strict rules like fractal patterns, while the imitations were not. The majority picked out the original artworks. This worked for paintings from both artists, even though their arts are very different. Another experiment also used abstract artworks but, asked people to pick them out among similar paintings made either by children or animals. Again, the test subjects pointed out the legit paintings whose patterns were carefully planned and not random. So while we have a hard time pinning down what beauty is or what it's based on, we somehow recognize it when we see it.

     Humans don't navigate nature trying to survive day by day anymore. We left the natural world behind and created our own. We made the objects that surround us the things we wear and use and look at. As we spread over the planet and our numbers grew, we shaped a completely man-made environment. In the process of doing so, we often neglected beauty in favor of functionality cost or efficiency. We built rows and rows of concrete housing blocks that nobody wants to live in. We have ugly underground subway stations, shabby public service buildings, and sprawling malls. One bland, standardized box beside the next. Humans, don't like monotony. Eye tracking software has shown that people keep focusing on details and ornaments of architecture while brushing quickly over blank walls, and not only are they no fun to look at, they actually make us miserable. Experiments with skin sensors showed that looking at vast, dull facades makes us feel bored and uncomfortable. This kind of boredom has been linked to raised heart rates and stress levels and the opposite seems to be true, too. Over the last decades more and more studies have found that surroundings that are actually aesthetically pleasing to us can improve our well-being, our behavior, cognitive function, and mood. Our bodies and brains react measurably and visibly to everything that surrounds us. Beauty in particular has such a strong impact on our well-being that making useful things beautiful can actually make them better.

     In 2017, a hospital examined recovery factors through observation and interviews with patients and found that visual art in their lounge areas made them more comfortable and happier about their stay in general. Another study looked at how well patients recovered in a hospital that had two wards. A very old and rather ugly one, and a newly renovated ward. To the researchers' surprise, the patients that stayed in the new, renovated environment, needed less pain medication and were released on average, two days earlier than patients recovering in the old ward. More beautiful surroundings made them feel better, physically. Beauty also has an effect on us on a daily basis. It can improve our general happiness. A study that looked at the main factors influencing the happiness of adults revealed an unexpected result. Besides things like good health in a harmonious family life, individual happiness is affected by how beautiful you find the city you live in. Beauty scored even higher than cleanliness or safety. So what can we learn from all of this? We know that we humans have been fine-tuned for millions of years to process visual input and assess our surroundings. It's just what we're programmed to do and we're starting to learn more about how much beauty as a property is really influencing us. Beauty meets an inherent need for meaningful information. Maybe it would be worth giving it more space in this man-made world we have created.

স্বদেশ মন্ত্র

“হে ভারত, এই পরানুবাদ, পরানুকরণ, পরামুখাপেক্ষা, এই দসসুলভ দুর্বলতা, এই ঘৃণিত জঘন্য নিষ্ঠুরতা-এইমাত্র সম্বলে তুমি উচ্চাধিকার লাভ করিবে? এই লজ্জাকর কাপুরুষতাসহায়ে তুমি বীরভোগ্যা স্বাধীনতা লাভ করিবে? হে ভারত, ভুলিও না—তোমার নারীজাতির আদর্শ সীতা, সাবিত্রী, দময়ন্তী; ভুলিও না—তোমার উপাস্য উমানাথ সর্বত্যাগী শঙ্কর; ভুলিও না-তোমার বিবাহ, তোমার ধন, তোমার জীবন ইন্দ্রিয়সুখের-নিজের ব্যক্তিগত সুখের জন্য নহে; ভুলিও না—তুমি জন্ম হইতেই ‘মায়ের’ জন্য বলিপ্রদত্ত; ভুলিও না―তোমার সমাজ বিরাট মহামায়ার ছায়ামাত্র; ভুলিও না—নীচজাতি, মূর্খ, দরিদ্র, অজ্ঞ, মূচি, মেথর তোমার রক্ত, তোমার ভাই! হে বীর, সাহস অবলম্বন কর; সদর্পে বল—আমি ভারতবাসী, ভারতবাসী আমার ভাই। বল—মূর্খ ভারতবাসী, দরিদ্র ভারতবাসী, ব্রাহ্মণ ভারতবাসী, চণ্ডাল ভারতবাসী আমার ভাই; তুমিও কটিমাত্র-বস্ত্রাবৃত হইয়া, সদর্পে ডাকিয়া বল―ভারতবাসী আমার ভাই, ভারতবাসী আমার প্রাণ, ভারতের দেবদেবী আমার ঈশ্বর, ভারতের সমাজ আমার শিশুশয্যা, আমার যৌবনের উপবন, আমার বার্ধক্যের বারাণসী; বল ভাই—ভারতের মৃত্তিকা আমার স্বর্গ, ভারতের কল্যাণ আমার কল্যাণ; আর বল দিন-রাত, ‘হে গৌরীনাথ, হে জগদম্বে, আমায় মনুষ্যত্ব দাও; মা, আমার দুর্বলতা কাপুরুষতা দূর কর, আমায় মানুষ কর।”. 

বিস্ময়করভাবে আপনার আজ্ঞাবহ

“আমি দৃঢ়তার সঙ্গে সঙ্কল্প করছি আমি চরিত্রবান হব, কারণ একমাত্র এইভাবেই আমি জগতের সর্বাধিক মঙ্গল সাধনে সক্ষম হব, আমার মাতৃভূমি ভারতবর্ষকে সুন্দরতম করে গড়ে তুলতে সহায়তা করতে পারব, এবং একমাত্র এই ভাবে আমি আমার নিজেরও সর্বাধিক মঙ্গল করতে পারব ; কেননা চরিত্রবল ছাড়া ব্যবহারিক জগতের বা অন্য কোন ক্ষেত্রেই সফলতা লাভ করা সম্ভব নয়।”

“আমি প্রত্যহ রাত্রে শয্যা গ্রহণের পূর্বে ও প্রাতে শয্যা ত্যাগের পর এই সঙ্কল্পকে সফল করবার উপায় উদ্ভাবনের জন্য পাঁচ মিনিট ধরে একাগ্রতার সঙ্গে চিন্তা করব।”

“আমি জানি আমি নিজেকে চরিত্রবান করে তুলতে পারি এবং সেই জন্য এই উদ্দেশ্যের কোন অন্তরায়কে আমি কখনও প্রশয় দেব না এবং পবিত্রতা, ধৈর্য ও অধ্যবসায়ের সঙ্গে নিরলসভাবে প্রতিনিয়ত এই উদ্দেশ্য সফল করার জন্য কাজ করে যাব।”

“আমি সফল হব, কেননা আমি আমার সামর্থ বিশ্বাস রাখি। স্বামীজীর বাণীতে এই আত্মবিশ্বাস ও চরিত্র গঠনের উপায় আছে বলে তা আমার কাছে প্রিয় হবে এবং স্বামীজী তার শিক্ষার জীবন্ত প্রতিমূর্তি বলে আমি তাঁর মূর্তি এমন ভাবে প্রত্যহ চিন্তা করব যে তা আমার চিত্তপটে চিরউজ্জ্বল হয়ে বসে যাবে এবং তা আমাকে প্রতিনিয়ত এই আদর্শের পথে এগিয়ে দিতে থাকবে, যাতে আমার জীবন পরিপূর্ণতা লাভ করে ও আমি সর্বমানবের কল্যাণে আমার জীবন ক্ষয় করতে পারি। এইটিই আমি আমার জীবনের বিশিষ্ট ও প্রধান লক্ষ্য বলে জানি।”

“আমার ভেতর যে অনন্ত শক্তি আছে তা আমাকে আমার কল্পিত লক্ষ্যে উপনীত হতে সাহায্য করুক।”

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উপরের কথাগুলো প্রত্যেকে একটি কাগজে লিখে সই করুন ও তারিখ দিন। প্রত্যহ কয়েকবার। এটি মনােযােগের সঙ্গে পড়ন ও অঙ্গীকার মত কাজ করুন। লক্ষ্য করুন ছ'মাসে আপনার চরিত্রের উন্নতি দেখা দিয়েছে ও আপনার আত্মবিশ্বাস বেড়ে গেছে। সূর্য পূর্ব দিকে উদয় হওয়া সম্বন্ধে যেমন।কোন সন্দেহ নেই, এ প্রক্রিয়ার সফলতা সম্বন্ধে তেমন কোন সন্দেহ নেই - আপনিই দেখবেন।পরীক্ষা করলেই এর মধ্যে অলৌকিক কিছু নেই। এটি এমন একটি প্রাকৃত নিয়ম যা আপনার আজ্ঞাবহ।

All about Railway Group D Physical Efficiency Test

The Indian Railways will be conducting the Railways Group D exam from the month of April or May 2018. The exam will be conducted in multiple stages. In this article, you will know in detail about the Railway Group D Physical Efficiency Test in detail. Know what kind of Physical Test you will have to go through after you qualify the Computer Based Test. Learn about the  Railways RRB PET for Male & Female Candidates in the Railways RRB Exam 2018.

Important Dates for RRC Group D 2018

Exam EventsImportant DatesStart Date of Online Applications10th February 2018 at 10 AMLast Date of Online Applications31st March 2018Last Date for Payment31st March 2018Tentative Date of ExamApril/May 2018

Exam Pattern for Railway Group D Exam

The RRC Group D selection will be based on 3 stages as follows:

Computer Based Test (CBT)

Physical Efficiency Test (PET)

Document Verification

Know more about the Railways Group D Exam Pattern in detail by clicking the link below!

Given below are the details that you need to know about the Railway Group D Physical Efficiency Test.

Railway Group D Physical Efficiency Test 2018

Once you qualify the Computer-based Test, then you will be called the Physical Efficiency. Passing Physical Efficiency Test (PET) is mandatory and it will be qualifying in nature. Twice the number of community-wise vacancies will be called for the Physical Efficiency Test.

Male Candidates

You should be able to lift and carry 35 kg of weight for a distance of 100 metres in2 minutes in one chance without putting the weight down.

You should be able to run for a distance of 1000 metres in 4 minutes and 15 seconds in one chance.

Female Candidates

You should be able to lift and carry 20 kg of weight for a distance of 100 metres in 2 minutes in one chance without putting the weight down.

You should be able to run for a distance of1000 metres in 5 minutes and 40 seconds in one chance.

AAI Recruitment 2018 Junior Executive 542 Posts Online Application

About this Job Notification

Posted on: 08-03-2018 Ends On: 20-03-2

AAI Recruitment 2018 Consultant 8 Posts Application Form

Airports Authority of India (AAI) will fill up 8 contractual posts of Consultant from eligible candidates and applications are invited from Interested Candidates so that it reaches by 20-03-2018 along with documents related to age, qualification and experience.

 

Vacancies & Eligibility Criteria:

* candidates are advised to check the official notice.

Dates to Consider:

Application forms will be received by : 20-03-2018 .

Mode of Recruitment :

Candidates will be selected on the basis of performance in personal Interviews after shortlisting of received applications.

Fee Structure :

No Application fee is required to be paid.

How to Apply :

Eligible candidates agreeing to the terms of appointment may send applications for these posts by 20-03-2018 in the given format. Applications should reach the venue along with all relevant documents of qualification, experience, age and photographs.

Envelope must be superscribed properly. Keep a copy of application form for future use.

Address:

General Manager (HR), Airports Authority of India, Regional Headquarters, Western Region, Mumbai 400099.

Related :

Official Notification

India's cities along the banks of India's cities

🏝🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🏝

India's cities along the banks of India's cities
       City - River - State
1. Agra - Yamuna - Uttar Pradesh
2. Ahmedabad - Sabarmati - Gujarat
3. Allahabad - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
4. Ayodhya - Saryu - Uttar Pradesh
5. Badrinath - Ganga - Uttarakhand
6. Kolkata - Hooghly - West Bengal
7. Cuttack - Mahanadi - Odisha
8. New Delhi - Yamuna - Delhi
9. Dibrugarh - Brahmaputra - Assam
10. Firozpur - Sutlej - Punjab
11. Guwahati - Brahmaputra - Assam
12. Haridwar - Ganga - Uttarakhand
13. Hyderabad - Musi - Telangana
14. Jabalpur - Narmada - Madhya Pradesh
15. Kanpur - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
16. Kota - Chambal - Rajasthan
17. Jaunpur - Gomti - Uttar Pradesh
18. Patna - Ganges - Bihar
19. Rajahmundry - Godavari - Andhra Pradesh
20. Srinagar - Jhelum - Jammu and Kashmir
21. Surat - Tapti - Gujarat
22. Tiruchirapalli - Kaveri - Tamilnadu
23. Varanasi - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
24. Vijayawada - Krishna - Andhra Pradesh
25. Vadodara - Vishwamitri - Gujarat
26. Mathura - Yamuna - Uttar Pradesh
27. Auraiya - Yamuna - Uttar Pradesh
28. Etawah - Yamuna - Uttar Pradesh
29. Bangalore - Vrushbhavati - Karnataka
30. Farrukhabad - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
31. Fatehgarh - Ganga - Uttar Pradesh
32. Kannauj - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
33. Mangalore - Netravati - Karnataka
34. Shimoga - Tunga River - Karnataka
35. Bhadravati - Bhadra - Karnataka
36. Hospet - Tungabhadra - Karnataka
37. Karwar - Kali - Karnataka
38. Bagalkot - Ghataprabha - Karnataka
39. Honnavar - Shravati - Karnataka
40. Gwalior - Chambal - Madhya Pradesh
41. Gorakhpur - Rapti - Uttar Pradesh
42. Lucknow - Gomti - Uttar Pradesh
43. Kanpur - Cantonment - Ganges Uttar Pradesh
44. Shuklaag - Ganga - Uttar Pradesh
45. Chakery - Ganges - Uttar Pradesh
46. ​​Malegaon - Girna River - Maharashtra
47. Sambalpur - Mahanadi - Odisha
48. Raurkela - Brahmani - Odisha
49. Pune - Mutha - Maharashtra
50. Daman - Ganges River - Daman
51. Madurai - Vaigai - Tamilnadu
52. Tiruchirappalli - Kaveri - Tamilnadu
53. Chennai - Adyar - Tamil Nadu
54. Coimbatore - Noyyal - Tamilnadu
55. Erode - Kaveri - Tamilnadu
56. Tirunelveli - Thamirwari - Tamil Nadu
57. Bharuch - Narmada - Gujarat
58. Karjat - Ulhas - Maharashtra
59. Nashik - Godavari - Maharashtra
60. Mahad - Savitri - Maharashtra
61. Nanded - Godavari - Maharashtra
62. Nellore - Pennar - Andhra Pradesh

প্রতিষ্ঠাতা, শেষ সম্রাট ও শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট

● মোঘল বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা বাবর ।
● মোঘল বংশের শেষ সম্রাট দ্বিতীয়বাহাদুর শাহ ।
● মোঘল বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট আকবর ।
● সেন বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সামন্ত সেন ।
● সেন বংশের শেষ সম্রাট সূর্য সেন।
● সেন বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট বিজয় সেন।
● গুপ্ত বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা শ্রীগুপ্ত ।
● গুপ্ত বংশের শেষ সম্রাট বিজয় গুপ্ত ।
● গুপ্ত বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট সমুদ্রগুপ্ত ।
● লোদী বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা বহলুললোদী ।
● লোদী বংশের শেষ সম্রাট ইব্রাহিমলোদী ।
● লোদী বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট ইব্রাহিমলোদী ।
● সাতবাহন বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সিমুকসাতবাহন ।
● সাতবাহন বংশের শেষ সম্রাট যজ্ঞশ্রীসাতকর্ণী ।
● সাতবাহন বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাটগৌতমীপুত্র সাতকর্ণী ।
● তুঘলক বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতাগিয়াসউদ্দিন তুঘলক ।
● তুঘলক বংশের শেষ সম্রাট নাসিরুদ্দিনমামুদ ।
● তুঘলক বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট মহম্মদ বিনতুঘলক ।
● পুষ্যভূতি বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা প্রভাকরবর্ধন ।
● পুষ্যভূতি বংশের শেষ সম্রাট হর্ষবর্ধন ।
● পুষ্যভূতি বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট হর্ষবর্ধন ।
● সৈয়দ বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা খিজিরখাঁ ।
● সৈয়দ বংশের শেষ সম্রাট আলাউদ্দিনআলম শাহ ।
● সৈয়দ বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট মোবারকশাহ ।
● পাল বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা গোপাল ।
● পাল বংশের শেষ সম্রাট মদন পাল ।
● পাল বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট দেবপাল ।
● খলজি বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতাজালালউদ্দিন খলজি ।
● খলজি বংশের শেষ সম্রাট কুতুবউদ্দিনমোবারক খলজি ।
● খলজি বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাটআলাউদ্দিন খলজি ।
● চোল বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা বিজয়ালয়।
● চোল বংশের শেষ সম্রাট কুলতুঙ্গ ।
● চোল বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট রাজেন্দ্রচোল ।
● দাস বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা কুতুবুদ্দিনআইবক ।
● দাস বংশের শেষ সম্রাট কায়ুর্মাস ।
● দাস বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট ইলতুৎমিস ।
● পহ্লব বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সিংহবিষ্ণু ।
● পহ্লব বংশের শেষ সম্রাট অপরাজিতবর্মণ ।
● পহ্লব বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট নরসিংহবর্মণ ।
● মৌর্য বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা চন্দ্রগুপ্তমৌর্য ।
● মৌর্য বংশের শেষ সম্রাট বৃহদ্রথ ।
● মৌর্য বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট অশোক ।
● চালুক্য বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা প্রমথপুলকেশী
● চালুক্য বংশের শেষ সম্রাট দ্বিতীয়কীর্তি বর্মণ।
● চালুক্য বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট দ্বিতীয়পুলকেশী ।
● হর্ষঙ্ক বংশের প্রতিষ্ঠাতাবিম্বিসার ।
● হর্ষঙ্ক বংশের শেষ সম্রাট নাগদাস ।
● হর্ষঙ্ক বংশের শ্রেষ্ঠ সম্রাট অজাতশত্রু।